• Unicast:  One-to-one.
• Multicast: One-to-many.
• Anycast: One-to-closest.

• Link-local scope address:  layer2 domain
• Unique / Site-local scope address: Organization
• Global scope address: Internet

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STP in the datacenter

STP logical interfaces maximum

• RSTP / MST reach topology maximus. Switch specs logical / virtual interfaces.  (6500/ 6748)
  • Logical interfaces == ((trunk ports * vlans ) + non-trunk interfaces)
  • Virtual interfaces ( Per line card ) = (( trunk ports * vlans ))
  • verify with ‘show spantree sum total‘

Example logical interfaces:

6500 Chassis:

• 120 VLANS
• 49 Access layer switches
• 2 connections to each switch ( double uplink but with etherchannel counts as 1 logical interface )
• 1 Cross Connect to secondary Agg Switch.
• 30 other devices connected
  • (( 120 * 50 ) + 30 ) = 6030 Logical interface (out of 10,000 max)

Example Virtual interfaces:

Cisco 6748 Linecard

• 120 VLANS
• 12 Access layer switches, 4 Etherchannel-bundled connections.
  • 12 x 4 = 48 ports  ( Virtual interfaces counts every interface )
    • ( 120 * 48 ) = 5760 Virtual Interfaces (out of 1800 max)

High Availability

Nic teaming options

• Adapter fault tolerance (AFT):  active / standby  – Two nics  One switch
• Switch fault tolerance (SFT):  active / standby  – Two nics Two switches
• Adaptive Load Balancing (ALB):  active / active – One IP Two Macs
• Etherchannel – LAG

Expectations and Failover Timers

Blade Server design

• Overleg with the server team connectivity.
• Many blade servers enter de “enterprise switch” market with an integrated switch.
• Pass-through cabling or integrated switches.
• Significant impact on power – cooling – weight.

Connecting the blade to the network

• If you use the integrated blade switch, use a layer3 access layer.
• Avoid a double Layer 2 design:
  •  [Layer 2 on the access layer] connected to a [layer 2 domain within the bladeswitch].
• If you use passthrough, use a layer2 or layer3 access layer.

Scaling the Datacenter Architecture

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Core

• Not all datacenter designs needs a core layer
• Access to aggregation, aggregation to core : 10 or 40GBps
• CEF load balancing tuning (L3 + L4)
• Core should run L3 only, Aggregation acts as L3/L2 boundry to access
• Core runs OSPF / EIGRP with aggregation

Aggregration

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SONET / SDH

Sonet ( Synchronous Optical Networking)

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Used in US / Canada
• Synchronous transport signals (STS) used for speed

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

• International Telecommunications union (ITU)
• Used everywhere expect US / Canada
• Synchronoous transport Modules (STM) used for speed)

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EIGRP design principles

• EIGRP works for arbitrary topologies for small to medium networks.
• A flat EIGRP network doesn’t really scale beyond 400 routers and will lead to performance issuse
  • How to solve this?
    • Stub areas, summerization, route filtering limits the query scope
• If EIGRP doesn’t have a feasible successor it will query all it’s neighbours.
  • “I don’t have a route anymore, don’t route through me, give me a viable route”.
• BFD to optimize convergence (100ms wtih 1000 routes).
• 2 second hello timer, 6 second hold timer ( recommended )

Multiple EIGRP design principles

• Used to merge two networks ( Acquisitions )
• Different administrative groups in a company
• a way to devide large networks ( and control queries )
• Routes are distributed between AS ( don’t loop! )

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Setup:

• R1 functions as the internet.
• R2 is the first location with Public IP 1.1.1.2/30
• R3 is the second location with Public IP 1.1.2.2/30

There must be a GRE tunnel configured between R2 and R3 so that OSPF can be used between them. In the example we will use a tunnel with and without IPsec.

Configuration without IPsec:

ROUTER 2:

R2:

# WAN ADDRESS
interface FastEthernet0/0
 ip address 1.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
 duplex auto
 speed auto
!

# TUNNEL ADDRESS
interface Tunnel0
 ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.252
 tunnel source 1.1.1.2
 tunnel destination 1.1.2.2
!

# LAN ADDRESS
interface Loopback0
 ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
!

# OSPF CONFIG
router ospf 1
 log-adjacency-changes
 network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
 network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!

# DEFAULT ROUTE (TRAFFIC TOWARDS R3)
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.1.1

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