Unicast vs Multicast

• Routed via PIM ( Protocol Independent Multicast ).
• Always UDP-Based ( Video, Audiostreams, some kinds of data ).
• Typical network challenges ( QoS, Security, Bandwidth consumption).
• Began as a ‘speciality’ technology, becoming heavily adopted in modern times.

Multicast Addresses

• Multicast group members receive all data center to a group.
• Multicast IPv4 Range: [ 224.0.0.0  239.255.255.255 ]
  • Filtering tip:
    • Last 23 bits of IP mapped to MAC
      • Can lead to overlapping addresses

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Remote Access VPN design

• For a VPN you need a termination device (vpn concentrator / Firewall), a client and the connecting technology for tunneling.
• Cisco Easy VPN.
• Client options
  • IPSEC VPN client
  • SSLVPN Clientless Access
  • SSLVPN Thin client
  • SSLVPN Thick client

Placement of the VPN Termination Device:

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Core layer

• Cisco 6509.
• Static routing used to ISP ( or basic BGP ).
• FWSM or ACE module used as initial filter.
• Static route down to VIP of aggregation layer FHRP.

Aggregation Layer

• Cisco 6506 ( MSFC ).
• Traffic received from core routed to CSM
  
• CSM load balances to VLANs at the access layer
• Simple Design allows inter-vlan routering ( web, app, db )
  • Inter-vlan routing without a FWSM can lead to access from the VLANs.

Access Layer

• Cisco 6509
• Servers typically devided into web, app, and database VLANS.
• Server gateways set to CSM, FWSM, or VIP of the FHRP on L3.
• Firewall restrictions between layers common.

A design that must stay up

• Public face of an organization
• The place where downtime is incredibily harmful
• The place where budgets are approved\

Ultra Redundant, Ultra secure Firewall Design

• Only Method through layers is via servers
• Option of using different firewall vendors at different layers
• Supports virtual firewall using FWSM (Firewall Services Module) or ACE (Application controle engine) module

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• Unicast:  One-to-one.
• Multicast: One-to-many.
• Anycast: One-to-closest.

• Link-local scope address:  layer2 domain
• Unique / Site-local scope address: Organization
• Global scope address: Internet

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STP in the datacenter

STP logical interfaces maximum

• RSTP / MST reach topology maximus. Switch specs logical / virtual interfaces.  (6500/ 6748)
  • Logical interfaces == ((trunk ports * vlans ) + non-trunk interfaces)
  • Virtual interfaces ( Per line card ) = (( trunk ports * vlans ))
  • verify with ‘show spantree sum total‘

Example logical interfaces:

6500 Chassis:

• 120 VLANS
• 49 Access layer switches
• 2 connections to each switch ( double uplink but with etherchannel counts as 1 logical interface )
• 1 Cross Connect to secondary Agg Switch.
• 30 other devices connected
  • (( 120 * 50 ) + 30 ) = 6030 Logical interface (out of 10,000 max)

Example Virtual interfaces:

Cisco 6748 Linecard

• 120 VLANS
• 12 Access layer switches, 4 Etherchannel-bundled connections.
  • 12 x 4 = 48 ports  ( Virtual interfaces counts every interface )
    • ( 120 * 48 ) = 5760 Virtual Interfaces (out of 1800 max)

High Availability

Nic teaming options

• Adapter fault tolerance (AFT):  active / standby  – Two nics  One switch
• Switch fault tolerance (SFT):  active / standby  – Two nics Two switches
• Adaptive Load Balancing (ALB):  active / active – One IP Two Macs
• Etherchannel – LAG

Expectations and Failover Timers

Blade Server design

• Overleg with the server team connectivity.
• Many blade servers enter de “enterprise switch” market with an integrated switch.
• Pass-through cabling or integrated switches.
• Significant impact on power – cooling – weight.

Connecting the blade to the network

• If you use the integrated blade switch, use a layer3 access layer.
• Avoid a double Layer 2 design:
  •  [Layer 2 on the access layer] connected to a [layer 2 domain within the bladeswitch].
• If you use passthrough, use a layer2 or layer3 access layer.

Scaling the Datacenter Architecture

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Core

• Not all datacenter designs needs a core layer
• Access to aggregation, aggregation to core : 10 or 40GBps
• CEF load balancing tuning (L3 + L4)
• Core should run L3 only, Aggregation acts as L3/L2 boundry to access
• Core runs OSPF / EIGRP with aggregation

Aggregration

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SONET / SDH

Sonet ( Synchronous Optical Networking)

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Used in US / Canada
• Synchronous transport signals (STS) used for speed

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

• International Telecommunications union (ITU)
• Used everywhere expect US / Canada
• Synchronoous transport Modules (STM) used for speed)

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