QuistED.net

Setup:

• Dual-homed BGP between AS100 and AS200
• AS100
  • HSRP 192.168.0.10 between R1 and R2
  • Router 1 HSRP Master
  • Linkstate tracking on Fa0/0
  • EIGRP as IGP
• AS200
  • HSRP 10.10.10.10 between R3 and R4
  • Router 3 as HSRP Master
  • Linkstate tracking on Fa0/0
  • OSPF for IGP

Scenario: The link between Router1 and Router3 would fail. Linkstate tracking would decrement the HSRP priority and switch masters.

When the link was restored and using default HSRP timers, the HSRP master would switch back before the BGP session was established between Router1 and Router3 (at least in GNS3).
Setting up delay timers and linkstate tracking would allow for a good recovery.

(more…)

Quality of Service Deployment

Choosing the correct WAN Type.

• WAN Providers, you get what you pay for.
  • Tried and True providers
• Don’t design a sinking ship, bandwidth.
• Determine bursting capabilities.
• QoS classes / Policies support.
• Multicast support.

Modular QoS CLI ( MQC )

• Class-map

R1(config)#class-map ccdp
Class-map configuration commands:
  description  Class-Map description
  exit         Exit from class-map configuration mode
  match        classification criteria
  no           Negate or set default values of a command

R1(config-cmap)#mat
R1(config-cmap)#match ?
  access-group         Access group
  any                  Any packets
  atm                  Match on ATM info
  class-map            Class map
  cos                  IEEE 802.1Q/ISL class of service/user priority values
  destination-address  Destination address
  discard-class        Discard behavior identifier
  dscp                 Match DSCP in IPv4 and IPv6 packets
  fr-de                Match on Frame-relay DE bit
  fr-dlci              Match on fr-dlci
  group-object         Match object-group
  input-interface      Select an input interface to match
  ip                   IP specific values
  mpls                 Multi Protocol Label Switching specific values
  not                  Negate this match result
  packet               Layer 3 Packet length
  precedence           Match Precedence in IPv4 and IPv6 packets
  protocol             Protocol
  qos-group            Qos-group
  source-address       Source address
  vlan                 VLANs to match

(more…)

What is QoS?

• http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Quality_of_Service_Networking
• Quality of life insurance
• The ability to dictate traffic treatment
  
  • Prioritization.
    • Only happens with congestion.
  • Shaping / Policing.
    • Shaping: Mold the traffic down to a specific speed.
    • Policing: ‘evil’ traffic types ( p2p / video ).
  • Advanced Strategies ( WRED – Weighted random early detection)
    • Drop selective TCP streams so it won’t hit max.
• Strategies to fight the enemy
  • Delay ( how long it takes for a Packet A to get to the other side).
    
  • Jitter ( Delay variation, Times between Packets A,Packet B,and Packet C taking to get to the other side)
    
  • Packetloss
    

	Audio Requirements	Video Requirements
Jitter	< 30ms	< 30ms
Delay	< 150ms	< 150ms
Loss	< 1%	< 1%
QoS:	DSCP EF	DSCP AF41
Bandwith	Low	High

• https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/datacenter/nexus1000/sw/4_0/qos/configuration/guide/nexus1000v_qos/qos_6dscp_val.pdf

(more…)

https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/solutions/collateral/data-center-virtualization/data-center-interconnect/at_a_glance_c45-493703.pdf

• Types of Data Center Interconnections
  • Layer 1 DCI
    • Physical connection between Data Centers
      • Dark Fiber ( MetroE)
      • Fibrechannel
    • Not as flexible
  • Layer 2 DCI
    • Carrier appears as L2 Bridge
    • MPLS options
    • VPLS options
    • IP Mobility
  • Layer 3 DCI
    • IP Based connection
      • iSCSI
      • Routing
      • ATOMoGRE

(more…)

Software Defined Networking

• Advantages SDN
  • Automatic Infrastructure Provisioning
  • Multi-tenant enviornments
  • Flexible Placement of servers ( Mobility )
  • Health monitoring of applications
  • Application to NET ( Southbound ) and NET to application ( Northbound ) communication
• Cisco’s SDN implementation: Application Centric Infrastructure ( ACI )

Three key ingredients for ACI

• Nexus 9000 series / 9300 / 9500.
• Aplication Policy Infrastructure Controller ( APIC ).
  • Cisco recommends a minimum of three APIC servers.
• Policy Model ( “What talks to what and how” ).

(more…)

TRansparent Interconnection of Lots of Links

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRILL_(computing)
• Often in datacenters a layer 2 design is implemented to span VLANs.
• First define your FabricPath domain, which disables Ethernet.
• IS-IS enabled Fabric Path Domain.
• Classic Switch data learned and IS-IS Level 2 ‘Routing Table’ Built.
• Opens L2 ECMP Capabilities.
• Leaf to servers with vPC / MEC

(more…)

What is a vPC (virtual Port Channel)

• Nexus series Network Virtualisation Technology.
• “Lightweight” VSS – Combine ports, not switches.
• Links on different switches to appear as the same device.
• Downstream device can be anything supoprting 802.3ad (LACP).
• Commonly called Multi Chassis Etherchannel ( MEC ).

(more…)

IS-IS History

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-IS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_protocols
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-length-value

• Created for the OSI Protocol Suite
• Integrated IS-IS: the mutation.
• IS-IS dictionary:
  • IS = Intermediate System  (Routers)
  • ES = End System
  • TLV = Type Length Value
  • NSAP = Network Service Access Point
    • (OSI protocols equivilent of the TCP/IP’s IP Address)
• IS-IS features:
  • Link State Routing Protocol  (Same as OSPF)
  • NSAP address assigned per router
  • Dijkstra SPF powered (Same as OSPF)
    • PRC efficient
  • Hellos Establisch neighbors at Layer 2 ( source MAC, Multicast Mac )
  • Two routing levels ( Level 1 and Level 2 )
  • Area Based Design ( Routers know their area )
  • default link cost = 10

IS-IS High level Design

• Two routing databases
  • Level1 and Level2
    • Level 1 routers find closest Level2 Exit.
  • Area defined by
  • 49.0001  ( Area 1 )
    • 49 private adressing , 0001 is area 1
• Three router types

IS-IS Neighbors and Area Design

(more…)

Monitoring and Managing

• Know your network is doing well.
• Understand the trends in your network performance.
• Identify your bottlenecks and propose solutions.
• Proact – Don’t react.

Phases of optimizations and the tools

1. Create a baseline – Netflow, NBAR, IP SLA
2. Optimize Network – QoS, AutoQoS VoIP, AutoQoS Enterprise
3. Measure / Adjust – Netflow, NBAR, IP SLA, Syslog
4. Deploy Apps – Netflow, NBAR

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetFlow
• Cisco NBAR
• WhitePaper AutoQoS
• Cisco IP SLA

(more…)

• Wireless Signal Mesured in dBm ( Power referenced against one Milliwatt )
• Range is roughly -30dBm to -90dBm
  • -30dBm = Max Achievable ( not desired ).
  • -67dBm = Mininum for real-time Apps.
  • -80dBm = Minimum for communication.
• Noise is always a challenge
• Signal to Noise Ratio ( SNR ) = ( Signal – Noise ) = Value
  • Mininum SNR of 25 is needed for real-time apps.

(more…)